Star Engine

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Star Engine 是开发Star Citizen曾使用过的游戏引擎，现已改为使用Amazon Lumberyard引擎。 它是Crytek所开发的CryEngine 3引擎的大幅修改版，从最初在Crowdfunding campaign公布的引擎内实机演示开始使用。最后一次使用本引擎的相关更新是在3.8补丁。

在2016年12月23号，随着Star Citizen Alpha 2.6.0的公布，CIG同时宣布游戏的开发迁移至了Amazon Lumberyard游戏引擎。该引擎同样是基于CryEngine 3.8的修改版，但加入了对Amazon Web Service(AWS)的支持，以及云端计算的特性，以用于“支持开发发次世代级别的在线游戏” . 目前并不确定CIG将Star Engine的功能整合进了哪个版本的Lumberyard引擎，也不确定CIG在未来将如何迭代这套开发工具。（截止到2016年11月，当前Lumberyard引擎的版本为 Beta 1.6)。

CIG工作室目前正负责引擎的开发，同时有一部分Crytek的前员工也参与来监管此项目。

特色功能

虽然CIG时常公开他们的开发过程，但很少有引擎相关的开发信息会向大众公开。以下提到的引擎特性均来源于采访、每月的开发报告以及开发者评论。以下介绍的功能名字可能与CIG内部的命名有所不同，或并不准确。同时，有一部分功能已经被整合进了CryEngine 3.8/Lumberyard引擎，详细可参见 CryEngine。

以下为自CryEngine3.8后，CIG开发的引擎功能。

主要特性

• Large World (64位世界空间坐标)
• Object Container Streaming
• Mega Map
• Zone System
• Local Physics Grids
• Room System
• Camera Relative Rendering
• Procedurally Generated Planets
• PBR (基于物理的渲染)
• 作为物理实体的太阳（双星系统或者在轨道上爆炸的飞船有可能照亮行星表面）
• Subsumption AI
• Unified First- & Third-Person animations
• Unique Global Entity ID
• Generic Instance Manager
• 宇宙模拟器
• 数据持久性 (玩家信息服务器、状态服务器、大厅服务器及持久性玩家)
• Item Port System
• StarNetwork
• GOST (Game Object 状态) (reworked to newer system)
• "Grabby Hands" - 现已被整合进货运系统及掠夺系统, 用于抓取和移动对象（例如货物），最初计划在（后来被推迟的）Astro Arena或SATABall第一人称射击游戏模式中发布。
• Multi-LayerBlend - 角色着色器的特性
• iPredictor (角色运动) system
• Diffusion (基于云技术的后端服务框架)

渲染

• Object space shader damage (allows 4 different types of damage to be permanently inflicted on ships, including cutting holes, and blended seamlessly into the base shading)
• Real time environment-probe capture and compression (avoids needing to bake probes in space and on planets)
• Image based lens flares (use entire source image to simulate 4 different physically based lens distortions per colour channel on up to 20 individual elements)
• Physically based bloom (wide exponential kernel based purely on light intensity)
• Human eye exposure simulation (capture histogram of light intensity from both screen and surroundings, isolate range of light we intend to focus on, simulate both pupil and photo-pigment reactions for quick and slow reactions)
• Major improvements to planar lights (far more physical basis now which results in major quality improvements)
• Intelligent mesh-merging system (repeatedly searches for best bang-for-buck mesh merge opportunity in a scene until we hit a memory limit)
• Upgraded volumetric fog (e.g. support for planar lights, light-boxes, env-probe priority sorting)
• Major upgrade to shadow pool system (all lights share one giant pool for better dynamic resolution scaling, shadows can be cached between frames for better performance)
• Render target pooling (shares memory between internal textures used in the renderer to vastly reduce VRAM usage)
• Render to texture pipeline (ability to render secondary viewports with full or limited feature set to then be used as textures in the primary scene, e.g. video comms or holograms)
• Tiled lighting upgrades (use rasterization light culling for greater efficiency, particle support)
• Density based LOD algorithm (LODs change based on polygon density to ensure consistent appearance, less artist intervention, and promote more optimal art assets with fewer sub-pixel polygons)
• GGX normal map filtering (gloss adjusted in mip-chain to best fit of our GGX lighting model to give the same results as super sampled normals)
• Camera relative rendering (allows 64bit world without incurring any rendering performance hit by maintaining 32bit precision for rendering)
• GPU Particle System (built from the ground up for efficiency, distinct from Lumberyards and CryEngine's GPU particle systems)
• Various improvements to transparency sorting (generalized system, allow depth of field and motion blur to not effect nearby in-focus objects, order independent transparency for specific shaders such as hair)
• Artist friendly profiler (captures statistics per art-team, and per area of the level allowing accurate breakdowns and quick diagnosing of performance issues)
• Physically based atmospheric scattering
• Hierarchical object management (efficient searches and culling, local coordinate frames for things like ships inside ships on planets which are rotating etc)

在Star Citizen Alpha 3.0.0中使用到的特性

• P4K System - improved data handling system
• Planetary Rotation
• Temporal Supersampling (TSAA) - previously rendered frames are used to improve the anti-aliasing results on the new frame
• Improved Screen Space Directional Occlusion (SSDO)
• New Filmic Tone Mapping Curve (ACES)
• PBR Glass - Glass (e.g. cockpits) can be rendered with phyiscs-based distortions, cracks, reflections and chromatic effects

更新计划 (截止至2017年10月)

短期计划

• Terrain Occlusion & Shadowing
• Gameplay Driven Material Shaders
• "Space Fog" (Gas Clouds in e.g. asteroid fields)
• Improved Hair
• New Shield Effect
• Depth of Field Improvements
• Colour Processing Improvements
• New Motion Blur Implementation
• Support for Complex Shading Models

中/长期计划

• Object Container Streaming support on the low level/system side
• Improved Planet Effects (shadows, clouds, etc.)
• Improved Space Effects (stars, sun, rings, etc.)
• Dynamic Global Illumination
• Batching of physics-thread
• Batching of render-thread
• Vulcan backend support

工具及第三方软件

• Kythera - AI middleware
• Vulkan API - 3D graphics and compute API
• Wwise - Sound Engine
• FMOD - (deprecated) Sound Engine
• DataForge - Data management, Ship & Weapons balancing
• StoryForge - Dialogue and Conversations system, built upon DataForge
• VERS 3D (formerly known as PlanetEd) - Editor for creating planets
• System Layout Tool - Star system layout and design
• Room Management System - (deprecated) System for players to manage their hangars; now changed and integrated in Item Port System

相关视频

• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Chris Roberts on Engine Architecture & Zoning Optimization (2015)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Chris Roberts on Instancing & Player Counts (2015)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Chris Roberts on Procedural Generation (2014)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Chris Roberts on Character Tech, Weather System, & Engine Architecture (2016)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Sean Tracy on CPU thread management, Jobs System, Character Technology, Lighting, sun/planet movement, Authoring Tools & AI (2016)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Sean Tracy on Parallax Occlusion Mapping for Biomes edge-blending; Spring Tension and Inverse Kinematics for the Rover & Ships (2016)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Chris Roberts on Procedural Planets V2 (2016)
• Gamers Nexus - Video Interview with Sean Tracy on 64-bit Engine Tech & Procedural Edge Blending (2016)
• Gamers Nexus - CitizenCon 2016 PlanetEd tool
• Chris Roberts on DX12 & Vulkan support
• Squadron 42 Trailer (2012)

另行参见

• Clive Johnson's comment on Star Engine modifications on top of CryEngine/Lumberyard

引用